The Shoah in Romania.

There are a number of thorough, broad-based introductions to the Romanian Shoah available online. One goof place to begin is at The Romanian Holocaust website compiled at Claremont McKenna. You will find a brief history of the Iron Guard and interesting historical information about the songs of the Iron Guard, among other things.

General Accounts of the Romanian Shoah

Matias Carp assembled a book which is available to read for free online- Holocaust in Romania: Facts and Documents of the Annihilation of Romania's Jews. This book contains detailed information about camps, death tolls, and the geography of the Shoah.

Published in 1919, the Bukovina Handbook was prepared by the British Foreign Office to describe the condition in Bukovina. It is an extremely valuable historical document which provides insight into the situation for Romanian Jews and other national minorities prior to the second World War. In addition, the handbook offers first-hand accounts of the context for the rise of more extreme variants of political and ethnic nationalism.

Additional general accounts, articles, books, images, exhibitions, and websites include:

• "Romania" from the US Holocaust Museum.
• "Romania Facing Its Past", Summer 2005. A book length report on the Shoah and subsequent history in Romania. 
• The Holocaust in Romania by Radu Ioanid.
• The Ransom of the Jews: The Story of the Extraordinary Secret Bargain Between Israel and Romania by Radu Ioanid.
• The Silent Holocaust: Romania and Its Jews by I.C. Butnaru.
• Virtual Exhibition of the Jews of Romania.
  

Detailed Accounts of the Romanian Shoah

The American Military made efforts to compile information about the European Jews after the war. In fact, the survivor lists which they created are indispensable.The Maramures Book: In Memory of 160 Jewish Communities was compiled after the Shoah to provide a testament and memorium to the lives of the individual Jewish communities in Maramures. It includes links to individual towns and settlements in Maramures. A similar book on the Jewish Community in Bacau provides a much richer and deeper account of Jewish daily life, extended history, and cultural development in the Bacau area. The latter book is part of the project Pinkas Hakehillot, which provides a encyclopedic documentary history of Jews in Romania. Other books under this project include:

• Birlad
• Baciciou Mare
• Memorial Book of Borsa
  
• Botosani
• Bucecea
  
• Cimpulung Modovanesc
• Craciunesti
  
• Dornesti
• Dorohoi
  
• Dorosauti
  
• Falticeni
  
• Frautii Noi
  
• Frumisica
  
• Galati
  
• Gheorgeni
  
• Hirlau
  
• Husi
  
• Iasi (see Contributions to the History of the Jews in Iasi for more specifics)
  
• Itcani
• Marghita
• Mihaileni
  
• Negresti
• Oradea
  
• Piatra Neamt
  
• Ploiesti
  
• Podu Iloaiei (see The Jewish Community in Podu Iloaiei for more specifics)
• Pungesti
  
• Raudatz
• Rakhov
• Roman
  
• Ruscova
• Siret (see The History of the Jews in Siret for more information)
• Solca
• Suceava
• Vatra Dornei
• Vaslui
  

For more information about the Shoah in Romania:

• "The Killings in Transinitria"
• Photos of Radauti
• "Jewish Moldova"
• Storojinet Jews Memorial Page
• Chart of shtetls of Bukovina.
• The Jews in Bukovina by Arie Leon Schmeltzer.
  

For first-hand accounts and memoirs of the Shoah in Romania, see the following:

• My Childhood in the Shadow of the Holocaust by Mali Haimovitch-Hirsh 
• "Druker's List: My Lost Tribe" as testified by Yakov Druker.
• Shattered: 50 Years of Silence, History and Voices of the Tragedy in Romania and Transinistra compiled by Felicia Carmelly.
• "US State Dept. Supervisor Lectures on Transinitiria Holocaust", March 2007.
• A poem by Paul Celan on the Shoah.
• "Celan and Heidegger: Translation at the Mountain of Death" by Pierre Joris.
• Max C. Goodman's story.
• The Journal of Mihai Sebastian by Mihai Sebastian.
• Benjamin Berly Ferencz describes early war crimes investigations in Romania.
• Jenine Gutman's story.
• Paul Matasovski's story.
• Matvey Gredinger's story.
• Eva Gredinger's story.
• Edith Fuhrmann Brandmann's story.
• Max Gutman's story.
• Erika Neuman's story.
• Jagendorf's Foundry by Siegfried Jagendorf.
• Waiting for Jerusalem: Surviving the Holocaust in Romania by I.C. Butnaru.

War Crimes and Criminals in Romania / The Iron Guard

Among those who committed war crimes and who are guilty of participation in the brutal aspects of the Romanian Shoah, I have found the following names:

• Martin Bartesch, the story of a volkdeustcher living on a farm in Romania.
• Ion Antonescu.
• Eugen Cristescu.
  

For specific information war crimes committed by the Romanian government, as well as the Romanian governments' political approach to the history of the Shoah, you can examine the following:

• "Wiesenthal Center Protests Failure of Romanian Judicial Authorities to Complete Investigation of Four Operation Last Chance Suspects", May 2006.
  
• "Romania Accepts Nazi Guard Expelled by the US", May 2002. 
• "Statement of Romanian Foreign Minister Geoana Regarding Schiffer Case", May 2002.
• "Romania Facing Its Past", Summer 2005.
  
• "Romanian Whitewash of Transinitria Invasion Angers Holocaust Survivors", March 2007.
• "Romania: Someone's Passing the Buck", July 2003.
• The Treatment of the Holocaust and Hungary and Romania during the Postcommunist Era by Randolph Braham.
• "Nazi War Criminals in America" by Charles Allen Jr. makes specific cases about Romanian criminals.
• "The Romanian Army and the Iron Guard", P. Otu.